PELIK TAPI BENAR
“Do nothing to mar its grandeur for the ages have been at work upon it and man cannot improve it. Keep it for your children, your children’s children, and all who come after you…” – Theodore Roosevelt
Mist over Toroweap overlook. Image 3011a by Bill Belknap, courtesy of Cline Library Special Collections, Northern Arizona University.
One of the most spectacular natural features in North America and perhaps the world, the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River extends for hundreds of miles across a portion of the southwestern Colorado Plateau. Here the river winds it way through a network of huge amphitheatres, spectacular tributary canyons, and isolated plateaus and mesas. The vertical drop to the river from the vast plateaus surrounding the canyon is more than 2000 meters, spanning more life zones than exist within any other U.S. national park.
Atop the North Rim, which is an average 600 meters greater in elevation than the South Rim, are lush forests of spruce, aspen, pine, and fir. The lower South Rim is drier, warmer and more open and includes forests of ponderosa pine and Gambel oak mixed with pinyon pine and Utah juniper woodlands. Below the rim much of the vegetation in the inner canyon is semi-arid scrub dominated by drought-resistant shrubs and cacti, while the Colorado’s riparian corridor includes thickets of willow and introduced tamarisk. The Grand Canyon’s ecological and geological complexity and its interesting human history make it a major scientific research site on the Colorado Plateau.
Shiva Temple, on the horizon, was the object of a scientific expedition in the 1920′s. The theory of the expedition leaders was that unique life-forms might have evolved on the mesa top, which is completely isolated by cliff walls from the surrounding terrain. Photo © 1999 Eldon L. Byland.
Certain vegetation communities are unique to the Grand Canyon, with plants that do not normally form associations growing in close proximity. Vegetation gradients do not follow strict elevational zones; instead, plants respond to the canyon’s unusual climatic factors, such as air recirculation within the canyon’s steep walls and microclimatic variations in precipitation and soil characteristics.
There has been a great deal of research done on the paleoecology and paleoclimate of the canyon, as determined by packrat midden analysis and other fossil studies. For example, Kenneth Cole’s midden studies have revealed that not only are current life zones 800-1000 meters lower than they were 12,000 years ago, but that species composition and associations have changed over time.
Grand Canyon National Park is home to a number of threatened or endangered species. Several native Colorado River fish populations have declined as a result of the dramatic changes in water volume, temperature and sediment load of the Colorado River since the completion of Glen Canyon Dam upstream in 1963. These include the Colorado squawfish, humpback chub, and bonytail chub. The park is also home to several species of endangered birds and a number of endangered plants. During the late Pleistocene, several now-extinct large mammals were common in the canyon, including the Shasta ground sloth, the American camel and the American horse.
Prehistoric Human Occupation
Anasazi pictographs on the canyon walls of the inner Grand Canyon. Photo by Shannon Kelly.
Humans have lived in or near the Grand Canyon for at least 4000 years. Archaic peoples occupied the caves and rockshelters of the canyon walls, leaving behind rock shrines and hundreds of split twig figurines that were probably used in ceremonies or as hunting talismans. By the early centuries A.D., several cultures lived within and around the canyon. Based on the archaeological record, the Kayenta Anasazi were the largest and most extensive presence, but the Cohonina people were also present on the South Rim. Permanent farming settlements were established on the South Rim around 700 A.D. and on the North Rim by 900 A.D.; these communities were successful for several hundred years. The well-preserved Tusayan ruins on the South Rim provide modern visitors a glimpse of the lifestyle of these early farmers. Pueblo peoples moved into the canyon and began farming arable patches of land about 1050 A.D. This was a relatively short-lived venture since the climate started to become drier and warmer about this time. By 1150, all of the settlements in and around the canyon had been abandoned, probably at least in part due to prolonged periods of drought.
The only exception to this exodus were several sites near Havasu Creek, an area within the canyon with fertile land and a reliable water source, which remain occupied by the Havasupai Indians today. The Havasupai are the only tribe still living in the canyon today, while their close relatives the Hualapai live along the southern rim of the canyon west of the national park. Navajo peoples live in the Navajo Nation just east of the park, but are only known to have occupied the canyon when a group of them fled from the relocation campaign of Kit Carson in 1863 in the Wupatki Basin and other southern regions. The Southern Paiute Indians occupy land north of the Colorado River along the Arizona Strip and have traditionally used the canyon for hundreds of years.
Grand Natural History
Within the Canyon are located many ecological systems, as well as four of the seven major temperate zones of the North American continent. The difference in elevation from 2,400 feet above sea level at the bottom of the canyon to 12,670 feet at the top of Mount Humphreys in the San Francisco peaks is responsible for the wide variation. As the crow flies, only 90 horizontal miles separate those points, but at the Grandd Canyon, distance is vertical. A 1,000 foot increase in elevation up the canyon walls is equivalent to a 300 mile move northward across flat country. As a result, the contrast in vegetation and animal life between the lowest and the highest points in the park is like that between Sonora, Mexico, and British Columbia!Inner Gorge
The life zone at the bottom of the canyon is designated Lower Sonoran. In summer, the weather is steamy, and the temperature is 20o warmer on the average than that at the South Rim. Less than 10 inches of rain falls annually, and the vegetation is sparse. Willows and cottonwoods grow along watercourses like Bright Angel Creek and around seeps that form natural springs. Warblers, grosbeaks, and vireos make use of the leafy cover these trees provide. Hummingbirds flit among the shrubs searching for nectar. Under the murky surface of the Colorado River, the native fish that once flourished have nearly been annihilated as a result of the frigid change in water temperature created by Glen Canyon Dam. Squawfish, chub, and razorback sucker have been replaced by carp and rainbow trout.
Along the riparian corridor and on the Tonto Plateau are found different varieties of cactus, agave, and yucca. Lower Sonoran forms like mesquite, ocotillo, and creosote bush are also present. The black throated sparrow, a popular desert bird, lives here. Blackbrush, found at similar elevations of the Mojave Desert, is a common shrub.
As in most arid environments, the mammals have adopted a nocturnal way of life. Western pipistrelle bats search the air at night for insects. The spotted skunk steals forth in the moonlight to look for deermice. At midday, when the heat is suffocating, chuckwallas and other lizards retreat to shadowy crevices. Located at this level, too, is the Grand Canyon rattlesnake. Over the millennia, this species has developed a protective adaptation its salmon colored skin blends in with the pink rocks.
Among larger animals, mule deer dip their delicate tongues into the cold river . Bighorn sheep move nimbly along the narrow ledges of the Inner Gorge. Colin Fletcher, in his book The Man Who Walked Through Time, tells of seeing beaver and wild burros. The burros, descendants of those used by miners to haul out ore from the canyon, are a controversial newcomer to the wildlife of the canyon. They feed on grasses that normally provide forage for the mule deer and the bighorn sheep. During the past decades, their numbers have increased. Recently, a few burros were rounded up and removed from the park.Canyon South Rim
From the South Rim, the ground slants southward onto the broad slope of the Coconino Plateau, carrying most of the scant rain water and much of the soil with it. Due to the light rainfall approximately 16 inches a year trees do not grow very tall on the South Rim. Their abbreviated height has caused them to be termed a “pygmy forest.” The ponderosa pine, which grows back from the rim, may reach 100 feet, but this is unusual. Common trees like the pinon pine and the Utah juniper are no more than 20 to 30 feet tall.
Wildflowers grow in abundance on the South Rim. Cliffrose a gnarled, shaggy evergreen with creamy, aromatic blossoms is everywhere. Fernbush, another member of the rose family, flowers in August and September, which is late considering the warm climate. Three varieties of pentstemon are found in the park. The most prevalent on the South Rim is the Eaton pentstemon. Down in the canyon it flowers in April; on the South Rim, in June and July. Eight species of thistle are present, including the carmine thistle, which blooms from May to October.
Smaller animals that make the South Rim their home are the porcupine, the striped skunk, and the Abert, or tassel-eared, squirrel. Cliff chipmunks and rock squirrels scamper fearlessly along the rim.
Turkey vultures wheel in wide circles looking for carrion. Ravens with glossy black wings glide over the canyon, making peculiar croaking sounds. Violet green swallows zoom overhead. In the trees and shrubs along the rim are chickadees, nuthatches, scrub jays, and Steller’s jays.Canyon North Rim
The North Rim is more than 1,000 feet higher than the South Rim, and ecologically it is a much different place. The South Rim belongs to the tipper Sonoran and Transition life zones, the North Rim to the Canadian. The average annual rainfall on the North Rim is 28 inches, compared with half that on the South Rim; the North Rim receives around 140 inches of snow a year, compared with only 61 inches on its counterpart. The North Rim’s higher elevation and additional moisture support two distinct coniferous forests the spruce-fir-aspen and the yellow and ponderosa pines. The pinon pine and Utah juniper “pygmy forest” grows far below the rim, along the steep slopes of the canyon. Masses of warm air that rise out of the depths feed these growths. In the late summer months, the warm air, cooling as it rises, forms dark thunder-heads that keep the North Rim liberally doused with rain.
Back from the canyon, the landscape of the North Rim is characterized by pristine forests and flowing meadows. Although the growing season is shorter than that of the South Rim, the variety of wildflowers is greater. Pink phlox blooms in early spring. Goldenrod, sunflowers, and mountain dandelions add a splash of color to the green meadows. Asters bloom in late summer, after many other flowers have wilted.
The soil on the North Rim is richer and deeper than that on the South Rim, and it supports a diverse group of burrowing animals such as voles, weasels, and pocket gophers. The lush meadows provide a perfect habitat for them; above their tunnels they beat innumerable tiny paths through the high grass, out of reach of predatory birds. Shrews, skunks, wood rats, deermice, and horned toads add to the list of small animal life. Among the larger creatures are mule deer, coyote, porcupine, and an occasional mountain lion. Birds include wild turkeys, flickers, great horned owls, and red tailed hawks.
Perhaps the most distinctive animal on the North Rim is the Kaibab squirrel. A large squirrel, with tasseled ears and a bushy white tail, it is closely related to the Abert squirrel, which lives on the South Rim. The different coloration of the two squirrels evolved through speciation. As it cut down through the rock layers, the Colorado River gradually widened the gap between the rims. The squirrels, unable to cross the barrier, were isolated in different habitats and eventually developed different characteristics.Extract from “The Sierra Club Guides To The National Parks Desert Southwest”. Published by Stewart, Tabori & Chang. Distributed by Random House. 1984.
Cara Dajjal Mencari Imam Mahdi
Artikel kali ini akan menghujahkan gabungan maklumat-maklumat berikut :
- Teori kaedah pilihan Dajjal
- Pencarian Imam Mahdi
- Sistem pengecaman wajah berkomputer
- Programming Language, Operating System dan Windows
- Peranan manusia dan jin
Pengenalan
Artikel sebelum ini saya ada menerangkan bagaimana Dajjal mencari anak-anak kecil yang dikira bakal Imam Mahdi. Pada artikel tersebut ia hanya menerangkan satu kaedah sahaja iaitu ‘menghapuskan bakal-bakal Imam Mahdi’
Kali ini kita lihat pula kepada satu kaedah lain yang mungkin digunakan Dajjal (melalui agen-agennya) untuk mencari dan menghapuskan Imam Mahdi.
* Kaedah pencarian ini sekadar teori untuk mengesan cara Dajjal mencari Imam Mahdi.
Cara tersebut ialah penggunaan Face Recognition Technology (Teknologi Pengenalan Wajah).
Dajjal menggunakan teknologi yang telah dikembangkan ini untuk mencari Imam Mahdi. Teknologi ini mula-mulanya digunakan oleh pihak berkuasa Amerika Syarikat tetapi ianya dikembangkan menjadi sesuatu yang komersial.
Melalui beberapa ciri pada wajah kita, sistem ini boleh mengesahkan siapakah orang itu. Sistem akan mengimbas wajah dan menyimpannya di dalam database. Kemudian database akan melakukan kerja konfugurasi penyesuaian dengan data-data sedia ada. Dalam beberapa saat sahaja komputer akan memaparkan identiti lengkap orang tersebut.
Kegunaan FRT Dalam Pencarian Imam Mahdi
Bagaimana mahu mencari Imam Mahdi jika namanya bukan Imam Mahdi? Ini bukanlah suatu yang sukar. Untuk mencari Imam Mahdi menggunakan teknologi FRT, Dajjal memerlukan 2 sumber utama iaitu manusia dan jin.
Manusia dan Jin
Kedua-dua makhluk ini mempunyai peranan masing-masing untuk membantu Dajjal mencari Imam Mahdi. Pencarian Imam Mahdi mungkin sudah bermula sejak seribu tahun dahulu. Namun mungkin cuma cara pencariannya sahaja yang berbeza dan mengikut perkembangan semasa masyarakat.
“Aku berlindung pada Pemelihara manusia, Raja manusia, Tuhan manusia, Daripada kejahatan pembisik yang menyelinap, Yang membisikkan di dalam dada manusia, Daripada jin dan manusia.”
(An-Nas, 1-6)#2 : Peranan Manusia
Agen-agen Dajjal akan bertindak mengumpul semua wajah-wajah manusia di seluruh dunia ke dalam suatu database yang besar. Cara mengambil identiti orang ramai termasuk negara-negara Islam adalah mudah.
Ianya boleh dilakukan dengan agen-agen ini menjual perisian FRT kepada kerajaan negara-negara dunia. Agensi yang bakal membeli perisian-perisian ini sudah pasti Jabatan-jabatan pendaftaran yang mengeluarkan kad pengenalan.
Perisian-perisian ini akan diformat oleh pembekal-pembekal agar semua database rakyat boleh diambil tanpa perlu meminta. Kepakaran teknologi sudah pastilah mudah kerana perisian ini akan dipasang dalam Operating System buatan Illuminati sendiri iaitu Windows.
Bayangkan seorang pencuri laptop dapat mengesan dan mecuri laptop yang telah dimatikan yang disimpan di dalam kereta. Pencuri hanya perlu menggunakan alat frekuensi.
(Tidak lama dulu, rancangan jenayah 999 di TV3 ada menghuraikan tentang jenayah mencuri laptop dan handphone dengan alat frekuaensi)
Sekiranya perisian FRT dibangunkan oleh orang Islam sendiri pun, Dajjal melalui agen-agen Illuminatinya mampu memecahkan database perisian. Mengapa?
Kita harus ingat, sejauh mana canggih pun perisian itu, ia harus dibina menggunakan bahasa pengaturcaraan komputer (programming language). Bahasa-bahasa ini dibina oleh jurutera-jurutera Yahudi yang genius.
Kita mungkin hanya didedahkan dengan sejarah pembinaan bahasa seperti Fortran, Borland C, C++, Cobol, BASIC dan sebagainya tetapi tidak untuk belajar cara membinanya.
#1: Peranan Jin
Muhammad Isa Dawud memberitahu Dajjal akan dibantu oleh Jin dan Syaitan dalam setiap operasi jahatnya. Maka peranan jin dan syaitan di sini pada pandangan saya ialah memberikan gambaran fizikal maklumat wajah keturunan Imam Mahdi.
Kemampuan Jin dan Syaitan dalam menampakkan diri kepada bentuk nyata dan berjisim adalah sesuatu yang sahih.
Dalam tafsir al-Qurthubi ada menyebut :
“Diriwayatkan bahawa, syaitan pada hari itu menampakkan diri kepada mereka dalam bentuk Suraqah bin Malik bin Ju’syam. Dia berasal dari Bani Bakr bin Kinanah. Orang-orang Quraisy sangat takut kepada Bani Bakr…”
Rasululllah SAW menegaskan Imam Mahdi adalah dari keturunannya sebelah Saidatina Fatimah. Ini bermakna semua anak-anak dari keturunannya salah seorang bakal menjadi Imam Mahdi.Cuma keturunannya sekarang berselerak dan tidak dapat dikenalpasti secara sahih.
Satu-satunya makhluk yang boleh mengecam wajah-wajah keturunan Fatimah ialah Jin dan Syaitan. Mereka hidup lama beribu-ribu tahun. Jadi peranan mereka di sini ialah menukar jisim mereka menyerupai sebarang wajah-wajah anak-anak cucu Fatimah yang boleh dikenalpasti.
Penukaran Kepada Bentuk Ramalan Imam Mahdi
Melalui penukaran ke bentuk jisim fizikal ini, maka titik-titik wajah diambil dan disimpan ke dalam database. Semua wajah-wajah keturunan fatimah disimpan dengan tujuan menjadikan maklumat berikut sebagai sumber utama identiti.
Secara logiknya, wajah Imam Mahdi sudah pastilah mempunyai iras-iras dan ciri-ciri datuk neneknya. Maka fungsi database sumber utama ialah melakukan proses penyesuaian dengan database wajah-wajah manusia seluruh dunia.
Komputer sebagai pemutus pencarian akan memutuskan wajah manakah yang dikira 90% hampir sama dengan database sumber utama. Maka wajah-wajah tersebut atau individu yang dikira sama akan dihapuskan pada peringkat seterusnya.
Rasulullah SAW telah pun memberikan gambaran yang jelas tentang Imam Mahdi mengenai rupanya, fizikalnya dan keturunannya. Adakah mungkin Dajjal hanya duduk sahaja berdiam diri dengan maklumat sebegini?
Kesimpulan
Peranan sesuatu teknologi dalam strategi Dajjal biasanya dikaburkan dengan langkah mengkomersialkan teknologi tersebut. Orang ramai mungkin akan mempertikai kembali teori ini kerana FRT telah pun dikembangkan dengan banyakkan oleh syarikat-syarikat kecil dan besar. Maka dari situ orang ramai tidak nampak ada kerahsian sulit tentang objektif penggunaannya.
Kekaburan ini biasanya dibina di atas alasan “Keselamatan dari Pengganas”.
Wallahu’alam…
Pada tanggal 07-07-2007 lalu, The New Open World Corporation mengumumkan 7 keajaiban dunia yang baru (New Seven Wonders of the World) berdasarkan perolehan hasil voting. Berbagai kontroversi pun muncul berkaitan dengan terpilihnya 7 keajaiban dunia yang baru.
Saya ikut terlibat dalam voting tersebut, dan merasa senang karena pilihan saya masuk dalam 7 keajaiban dunia yang baru. Padahal saya sendiri belum pernah mengunjungi tempat-tempat tersebut. Mungkin hanya sebuah impian jika saya dapat mengunjungi dan melakukan perjalanan nyata ke sana.
Perjalanan virtual pun saya lakukan dengan memanfaatkan teknologi Google Earth. Apalagi kini, GE sudah dilengkapi dengan fasilitas Panoramio yang memungkinkan kita untuk melihat photo suatu tempat dari berbagai sudut pandang yang dikirimkan oleh banyak kontributor.
Berikut ini adalah penampakan 7 keajaiban dunia yang baru yang dilihat dari atas langit :
Taj Mahal, India
Simbol cinta dan hasrat
Kordinat :
27°10′30.00″N 78°2′31.48″E
Referensi :
Wikipedia : Taj Mahal
New 7 Wonder Kids Fact Sheets Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal Cinta Abadi Sang Raja
Colosseum, Roma
Simbol kesenangan dan penderitaan
Kordinat :
41°53′24.83″N 12°29′33.09″E
Referensi :
Wikipedia : Colosseum
New 7 Wonder Kids Fact Sheets Colosseum
Colosseum, Saksi Pertarungan Berdarah Manusia Vs Hewan Buas
Great Wall of China, China
Sebuah bukti ketekunan dan tekad yang keras
Kordinat :
40°21′21.03″N 116° 0′33.88″E
Referensi :
Wikipedia : Great Wall of China
New 7 Wonder Kids Fact Sheets Great Wall of China
Tembok Cina, Kuburan 5 Dinasti untuk Ribuan Pembuatnya
Petra, Yordania
Simbol keahlian teknik dan perlindungan
Kordinat :
30°19′23.64″N 35°26′54.83″E
Referensi :
Wikipedia : Petra
New 7 Wonder Kids Fact Sheets Petra
Petra, Kota di Dinding Batu
Chichen Itza, Mexico
Simbol pemujaan dan pengetahuan
Kordinat :
20°40′54.32″N 88°34′8.91″W
Referensi :
Wikipedia : Chichen Itza
New 7 Wonder Kids Fact Sheets Chichen Itza
Chichen Itza, Sumur Pengorbanan
Machu Picchu, Peru
Simbol dedikasi dan komunitas
Kordinat :
13° 9′47.76″S 72°32′44.75″W
Referensi :
Wikipedia : Machu Picchu
New 7 Wonder Kids Fact Sheets Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu, Kota Berlapis Emas
Patung Yesus Penebus, Brasil
Kristus Penebus berdiri untuk menyambut dengan keterbukaan
Kordinat :
22°57′6.72″S 43°12′38.01″W
Referensi :
Wikipedia : Christ Redeemer
New 7 Wonder Kids Fact Sheets Christ Redeemer
Christ Redeemer, Melihat Hamba dari Puncak GunungPanitia New 7 Wonders menyertakan juga satu-satunya keajaiban dunia kuno yang masih ada sebagai kandidat kehormatan yang tidak dipilih melalui voting.
Great Pyramid of Giza, Mesir
Simbol keabadian dan kehidupan yang kekal
Kordinat :
29°58′42.28″N 31° 8′3.18″E
Referensi :
Wikipedia : Pyramid of Giza
New 7 Wonder Kids Fact Sheets Great Pyramid of GizaPemilihan berdasarkan voting ini lebih tepat untuk melihat 7 keajaiban dunia yang populer bukan melihat mana yang terbaik.
Selain kepopuleran juga menggambarkan bagaimana suatu rakyat bersatu-padu untuk memperjuangkan situs peninggalan sejarahnya. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari kegigihan dan kebersamaan orang Brasil untuk memenangkan Monumen Patung Kristus Penebus. Juga orang India untuk kemenangan Taj Mahal, dan orang Jordania untuk kemenangan Petra.
Jadi Borobudur bisa saja menjadi 7 keajaiban dunia yang baru, jika saja pemerintah dan rakyat yang berjumlah 200 juta jiwa ini bekerja bersama-sama untuk itu. Sayangnya hal itu tidak terjadi. Bahkan maraknya aksi terorisme, kerusuhan masal dan ketidakramahan penduduk Indonesia telah membuat citra pariwisata Indonesia mudah “ditenggelamkan”.
Tags: perjalanan, tempat wisata
Mood :Anda tidak perlu mengcopy-paste keseluruhan artikel ini dan meletakkan di blog Anda, gunakanlah cara yang lebih elegan yaitu dengan pengutipan yang dilengkapi sumber informasi ataupun menggunakan alat kliping online seperti :
Anda juga tidak perlu memindahkan tulisan blog Anda di komentar blog ini, gunakanlah alamat trackback ini untuk menghubungkannya.
Terima kasih, semoga membawa manfaat.
Taj Mahal, Agra, India
Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq
(Copyright 1990, 1997, All Rights Reserved)
Text Source: Taj Mahal, Mausoleum of Mumtaz MahalTaj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India. It is an “elegy in marble” or some say an expression of a “dream.” Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber. The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later. The queen’s real name was Arjumand Banu. In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public. Shah Jahan’s real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628.
Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers. It was completed in 1648 C.E. at a cost of 32 Million Rupees. The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad ‘Isa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time. The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin. Expert craftsmen from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed. In addition, many renowned Muslim craftsmen from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper. The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Qur’an and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole.
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